System for extracting water from lunar regolith and associated method

ABSTRACT

The system extracts water from lunar regolith and includes a regolith intake having a digging bucket that collects lunar regolith soil and a gravel separator that separates and discharges gravel and passes a mixture of ice-regolith powder having ice grains that are about 10-100 microns along the conveyor. A pneumatic separator receives the ice-regolith powder and pneumatically splits the ice-regolith powder into streams of different sized lithic fragments and ice particles per the ratio of inertial force and aerodynamic drag force of the lithic fragments and ice particles. Each split stream may include a magnetic separator that separates further the magnetic and paramagnetic lithic fragments from ice particles to discharge up to 80 percent of lithic fragments to slag.

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This is a continuation application based upon U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 17/177,277 filed Feb. 17, 2021, which is based upon U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 62/988,940 filed Mar. 13, 2020, the disclosureswhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to extractors, and more particularly, to a systemfor extracting water from lunar regolith and related methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Volatiles by definition flee energy, which makes them a rare commodityin the inner solar system and outside the gravitational pull of Earththat keeps them trapped. On the Moon, the volatiles are sequestered inlunar regolith where they are protected from sunlight, with the bestdeposits in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). Mining the volatilessuch as water and converting them into chemical rocket propellantrequires large quantities of energy, because rocket fuel is bydefinition stored energy. An issue to be addressed in lunar propellantmanufacture, and especially with extracting water from lunar regolith,is therefore how to bring the energy and the volatiles together.

It is possible to transport energy into the permanently shadowedregions, often down steep slopes for many kilometers in darkness andextreme cold. It is also possible to transport the great mass of minedmaterials out of those craters along the same route going uphill.Transporting energy can be done by beaming sunlight from large mirrorspositioned on the crater rims, by locating large nuclear reactors insidethe craters, or other methods. Transporting mined materials can be doneby throwing it ballistically out of the craters, by driving it out onlunar rovers, or by other techniques. Driving with heavy loads isdifficult because of the risk of getting stuck in the regolith. In anyevent, the lunar water ice is about 5 weight percent of the regolith orless depending on location, and for that reason, 95% of the haulingeffort is wasted and unnecessarily risky. This is especially relevant inextracting water from lunar regolith where improved techniques andsystems may be applied for lunar ice extraction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, a system for extracting water from lunar regolith mayinclude a regolith intake having a digging bucket that collects lunarregolith and includes a gravel separator that separates and dischargesgravel and passes a mixture of ice-regolith powder having ice grainsthat are about 10-100 microns. A pneumatic separator may receive theice-regolith powder and pneumatically split the ice-regolith powder intosplit streams of different sized lithic fragments and ice particles perthe ratio of inertial force and aerodynamic drag force of the lithicfragments and ice particles. Each split stream may have a magneticseparator to separate further magnetic and paramagnetic lithic fragmentsfrom ice particles and discharge up to 80 percent of lithic fragments toslag. In an example, a spiral separator may receive a mixture ofice-regolith powder. The pneumatic separator may be formed as a cycloneseparator.

In an example, the digging bucket may include a front section that maycomprise a plurality of spaced bars to keep rocks from entering thedigging bucket. A pivot support may mount at least every other bar,allowing a bar to raise upward and release jammed rocks. Each pivotsupport may include a drive mechanism configured to raise upward a bar.A sensor may be connected to each drive mechanism and be configured tosense a jammed rock and transmit a signal to the associated drivemechanism to raise the bar and release the jammed rock. A conveyor ofthe regolith intake may be formed as a closed tube having orificesthrough which the ice-regolith powder passes.

At least one of the magnetic separators may include a first magneticcoil configured to separate strong magnetic particles using a magneticfield of about 400 to 600 gauss, and a second magnetic coil configuredto separate paramagnetic particles at a higher intensity magnetic fieldof about 6,000 to 20,000 gauss. The regolith intake may include a powderreceiver adjacent the conveyor and connected to the pneumatic separatorthat receives the ice-regolith powder from the conveyor. The powderreceiver may be configured to fluidize the ice-regolith powder and moveit to the pneumatic separator. The pneumatic separator may split theice-regolith powder into three split streams of different sized lithicfragments and ice particles, with splits at about 30 microns and 693microns for the lithic fragments corresponding to about 90 microns and2.08 millimeters for the ice particles. A lunar rover body may carry theregolith intake, pneumatic separator and magnetic separators or thepneumatic separator and magnetic separators may be stand-alone units.

The system may include a tribocharger/electrostatic separator connectedto each magnetic separator and configured to produce about 100 to 10,000times the acceleration of ice particles versus lithic fragments of thesame diameter size, allowing almost 100 percent of ice particleseparation in the mid diameter range. The tribocharger/electrostaticseparators may be configured for concentrating water and ilmenite.

A method is disclosed and includes extracting water from lunar regolith.The method may include collecting lunar regolith in a digging bucket ofa regolith intake and operating a gravel separator to move the lunarregolith and separating and discharging gravel and passing a mixture ofice-regolith powder having ice grains that are about 10-100 microns. Themethod may include receiving the ice-regolith powder into a pneumaticseparator and splitting the ice-regolith powder into split streams ofdifferent sized lithic fragments and ice particles per the ratio ofinertial force and aerodynamic drag force of the lithic fragments andice particles. The method includes separating magnetic and paramagneticlithic fragments from ice particles within a magnetic separator that ispositioned within each split stream, and discharging up to 80 percent oflithic fragments to slag.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the detailed description of the invention, whichfollows when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a high level block diagram of a system for extracting waterfrom lunar regolith in accordance with a non-limiting example.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a lunar rover showing the differentseparators used in the example system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 is a more detailed process flow of the systems of FIGS. 1 and 2 .

FIG. 4 is a chart of hypothetical ice-regolith relationships.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodimentsof the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Likenumbers refer to like elements throughout.

The system as illustrated generally at 10 in FIG. 1 may be used forlunar extraction of ice and water from Moon regolith and brings theenergy and volatiles together in an efficient manner. As a byproduct,the system 10 may produce hundreds of tons of free metal and otherbeneficiated resources at the same time for almost no energy cost.Because the Moon lacks an atmosphere, it is continuously pummeled byprimarily chondritic dust falling to the surface at or exceeding lunarescape velocity. As a result of billions of years of this process, thelunar soil has three specific advantages over the Earth for mining.First, the rocks are already broken finely so that the most expensivepart of mining on Earth, i.e., breaking rocks, is already complete.

Second, the ice that was deposited and trapped hundreds of millions tobillions of years ago in the lunar cold regolith is frozen as hard asgranite. It acts similar to another mineral, and therefore, it has alsobeen broken into fine grains similar to other rocks and minerals in thesoil.

Third, about one weight percent of the soil is converted by the hightemperature and pressure of the impacts into free metal particles. Thus,the high energy aspects of mining can be avoided. The system 10 may sortthe different grains from each other and transport the volatiles, andpossibly the free metal out of the permanently shaded regions, and thenprocess them in the abundant sunlight. To perform this, the system 10operates as a combination of density separation, magnetic separation,and electrostatic separation that operates with low power and low massof equipment in a permanently shaded region of the Moon and may operateas a water extraction and propellant manufacturing technique. Thermalextraction by other techniques may be a waste of energy that needlesslycomplicates a lunar mining architecture and requires excessively largepower generation and distribution systems. Hauling tons of dead mass,the 95% or more of the regolith that is not a resource, is also apointless and risky exercise that should not be performed.

The system 10 may include a low-energy digging robot 14, similar to anyof the approximately 470 robots that have been prototyped andsuccessfully tested during ten years of NASA's Robotic MiningCompetition. The digging robot 14 scoops the lunar regolith. Thisdigging robot 14 transfers the regolith into a grinder 16 and into aconveyor, such as an auger or a pneumatic conveyor, which brings it intothe beneficiating mechanisms illustrated generally at 18. The soil maybe passed through a series of stages including light grinding orcrushing as part of the grinder 16, followed in this example bypneumatic ballistic sorting 22, magnetic separation 26, andtribocharger/electrostatic separation 30, potentially in multiple stagesof each type using different field strengths to sort the particlesfurther each time. The pneumatic separator 22 may be formed as a cycloneseparator and the beneficiating system 18 may include spiral separator23.

The system 10 may output separated streams of ice grains 40, metalgrains 42, and possibly specific mineral grains 44 of high resourcevalue (e.g., ilmenite or anorthite), plus the stream of unwanted grains,or slag 46. The slag 46 is dropped adjacent to the mining zone while thedesired resources can be transported to sunlight for the higher energystages of processing. Because the vast majority of the regolith's masshas been removed, transporting it into the sunlight for processing is nolonger a risky endeavor. The magnetic separator 26 andtribocharger/electrostatic separator 30 may be placed in parallel or onebefore the other and vice versa to produce the separate streams of icegrains 40, metal grains 42, mineral grains 44, and slag 46 that is laterdischarged. In an example, the magnetic separator 26 is placed beforeany tribocharger/electrostatic separator 30.

The pneumatic ballistic separator 22 may include mechanical sorters thatinclude different sets of paddles that may be 60 to 100° out-of-phasefrom an adjacent paddle to provide agitation of the material stream ontop of a deck. In an example, the system 10 may include a rotor that hasimpellers that fling material in the air and separate a lighter,regolith powder section from a heavier regolith powder section. Thegrinder 16 may include different grinding wheels or blades that receiveand grind regolith into a ground regolith powder. The magnetic separator26 may also include an eddy current separator device and a rare earthmagnetic separator device. The tribocharger/electrostatic separator 30may be formed from different tribocharging devices, including atribocyclone device, a fluidized bed device, a static charger device,and rotating tube device, and a propeller-type device.

It should be understood that when a granular mixture such as the lunarregolith powder is shaken, the triboelectric effect may cause charges toaccumulate on particular minerals. Sometimes a negative charge mayaccumulate on smaller grains. The existing charge on lunar grains mayreduce the effectiveness of some separation devices, but will beadvantageous in the tribocharger/electrostatic separator 30.

The system 10 may include cleanup of any water to remove unwantedvolatiles and other contaminants using differential sublimation,differential permeation, or other techniques, followed by electrolysisto split the water into hydrogen and oxygen, which may be chilled andtransferred into cryogenic tanks on, for example, a lunar shuttle/spacetug for use as rocket propellant. While the mining or digging robot 14is in the sunlight, it may recharge its batteries or refill its fuelcells and then return to mining in the permanently shaded region. Thereare locations in the Moon's poles where driving distances from sunlightto the ice resource are a few kilometers on gentle slopes, and that isnot unreasonable with the reduced loads after resource extraction. Iceconcentrations in these “Type 2” locations are expected to be about 1%.This system 10 of mining uses such little energy that it does notrequire any special energy systems beyond the batteries or fuel cellslocated on a robot 14 to go in and out of the permanently shaded region.

Design variations may be added to extend the system 10 reach into thedeeper permanently shaded regions where ice has higher concentrations,up to 5% as found in some LCROSS results. The higher concentration ofice may offset the cost of additional infrastructure in the long term.For example, additional fuel cells may increase driving distance, or byadding solar energy towers, mining and processing may be done entirelyinside permanently shaded regions at reduced energy with no drivingsunlight requirement.

The system 10 uses the beneficiation subsystem 18, instead of thermalextraction. A beneficiation subsystem 18 may require low energy andreduced power infrastructure than other proposed techniques, resultingin much lower start-up cost. It is feasible for the system 10 to be setup on just one lunar landing.

It is possible to measure electrostatic charging of the ice and quantifykey parameters in the function of ice separation by electrostatics usingthe tribocharger/electrostatic separator 30. Vacuum chamber tests,reduced gravity flight tests, and analog field demonstrations may beperformed in a test setting. Equipment for further particle separationmay be inherently scalable to small size with a low safety risk topersonnel. The system 10 requires low power and can be validated forrealistic performance in modest vacuum chambers and in reduced gravityflights, and can be built into inexpensive robotic prototypes forfull-scale tests. It is possible that small-scale experiments may beflown to the lunar surface on a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)mission to demonstrate the technology in situ.

It is possible for spacecraft to fly directly from the lunar surfacewith a load of propellant to geostationary transfer orbit to boost acommunications satellite, and may then return to the lunar surface formore propellant, eliminating the need for costly propellant depots. Asingle company can therefore operate a space tug and a mining rover plusa purification and electrolysis plant as three major assets. It ispossible that propellant depots may be online.

Beneficiation has been used in terrestrial mining as an intermediatestep between extraction and chemical processing, while magnetic ordensity approaches have been used to concentrate resources. The system10 applies different processing techniques to separate ice and metalfrom lunar regolith. Combinations of these methods concentrate usefulsilicate minerals, but some of these techniques have not been used toextract water and ice.

Gas flow enclosed in pipes may lift and accelerate individual particlesand separate them ballistically or centrifugally. This process uses thesame principle as winnowing: separation of particles is determined bythe ratio of inertial force and aerodynamic drag force, which is calledthe ballistic coefficient. Inertial force scales as density ρ timesdiameter cubed, ρd³. Aerodynamic drag force at low gas velocities scalesas particle surface area, or d². Thus, the ballistic coefficient scalesas ρd. Since ρ_(Rock)≈3ρ_(Ice), the pneumatic separator 22 may tend toseparate silicate mineral particles of d into the same bin as iceparticles of 3d. As a result, only partial separation of ice comes fromsilicates, but these particles may be contained in bins according tospecific size ranges.

Electrostatic beneficiation such as using a tribocharger/electrostaticseparator 30 may be beneficial at concentrating water and ilmenite foroxygen production from among the other silicate minerals, includingplagioclase and pyroxene. A mixed mineralogy lunar regolith may bepassed through a baffle to rub the soil grains across selectedmaterials, causing the various minerals to electrically tribochargebased on their surface chemistry. This process may also be used toseparate ice from the regolith because ice is known to tribocharge incumulonimbus cloud updrafts and in volcanic plumes, thus concentratingelectrical charge to cause lighting. The properties of ice and silicategrains, such as in lunar regolith, may be so different thatelectrostatic separation may be highly efficient and may be measured inthe laboratory.

A constant mass of olivine as a common lunar mineral may be tribochargedagainst aluminum with the power law C˜α₁d^(−1.16), where C is thedeveloped electrostatic charge, d is average particle size of thesample, and the coefficient is α₁˜−10⁻¹¹ for a 1 mm particle usingmetric units. Since the number of particles N in each sample scales asd⁻³, the charge per particle scales as C/N˜α₁d^(+1.84) and the ratio ofinertial to electrostatic forces per particle scales as˜(ρ/α₁)d^(+1.16). Similarly Anorthite's ratio of forces scales as˜(ρ/α₂)d^(+1.21) and Ilmenite as ˜(ρ/α₃)d^(+1.71), where α₁≈−α₂≈−100α₃.The factor 100 enables separation of ilmenite from the other two,whereas the opposite polarity on olivine enables separation of olivinefrom the other two, e.g., two examples among the lunar minerals. Thesevalues are for tribocharging using a tribocharger/electrostaticseparator 30 against aluminum, and the values would be different if adifferent tribocharging material like phenolic were used.

The value of a for ice charging against aluminum is about +5×10⁻⁹ forice grains other than dendritic or needle-shaped crystals. The fragiledendritic and needle shapes are unlikely to survive over billions ofyears in lunar regolith subjected to the constant meteoroid bombardmentannealing or breaking linear structures. Assuming a particle sizedependence C˜α_(ICE)d^(−1.5) similar to the other crystalline granularmaterials, which may be tested to obtain more accurate values, the ratioof inertial to electrostatic forces may be ˜(ρ/α_(ICE))d^(+1.5) with(ρ/α_(ICE)) two to four orders of magnitude smaller for ice than (ρ/α₂)or (ρ/α₃) for the silicate grains.

The tribocharger/electrostatic separator 30 may separate regolithparticles with size d into streams or bins as ice particles with size100 d to 10,000 d. Each bin or stream that was initially separated bythe pneumatic separator 22 may contain ice particles of roughly a factorof 3 (three) different in size than the silicate particles. Therefore,no particles in that same stream or bin may be a factor 100 to 10,000different. The ice and silicate particles may be separated from eachother by the secondary use of the tribocharger/electrostatic separator30 using electrostatics following pneumatic separator 22. Practicalbeneficiation by the system 10 may not achieve complete separation, butthese calculations may indicate significant concentration of ice ispossible with the ideal of nearly complete separation as a real goal.

Use of the magnetic separator 26 may be performed before use of atribocharger/electrostatic separator 30 and the magnetic separation maybe challenging because paramagnetic susceptibility of minerals may bedominated by the superparamagnetic response of nanophase iron (NpFe)contained in the glass coating of the finest particles of lunarregolith. Therefore, magnets may tend to pull the fine particles outregardless of their composition. However, lunar ice should besufficiently different than lunar regolith particles to enable iceseparation on magnetic properties. Also, separation of free lunar metalparticles has been accomplished with a magnet on actual lunar soil, buthas not yet been developed into a high throughput process. The system 10may use magnetic separators 26 in lieu of or in addition toelectrostatic beneficiation to produce better separation at a lowerpower. The system 10 may use all three separation techniques to identifyoptimum process and study separation of ice, metal, and valuableminerals in the same process, depending on the maturity of the lunarsoil. It may also use a spiral separator as explained below.

In highly mature lunar soil, the desirable minerals such as diamagneticanorthite for making aluminum and paramagnetic ilmenite for extractingoxygen or making titanium have lost their pristine magnetic character byincorporation into glass agglutinate particles. It may be difficult tobeneficiate by magnetism alone. Mature soils may possess more nanophaseiron on the coatings of finer grains, which dominates the magneticresponse. The maturity of the soil may affect the ability to obtainthese additional resources while extracting the lunar ice.

Magnetic separation of the finest dust from other particles is possiblebecause it is the fraction with maximized concentration of NpFe, so thisdust can be provided to other processes that use microwave techniques.Dust may be mixed into quantities of raw lunar regolith to enhancemicrowave susceptibility and reduce energy when handling mature soils.After magnetic removal of the fines, light grinding of the remainingcoarse soil and single-pass electrostatic beneficiation using thetribocharger/electrostatic separator 30 may produce 50-60% concentrationIlmenite, or a multiple-pass system may achieve 90% concentration. Thesystem may obtain water ice and ilmenite, anorthite, and free metal assecondary benefits integrated into the ice-extraction system with littleadditional complexity.

Light grinding and/or grizzlies as rock barriers are used on the frontend to comminute and/or remove rocks. Grinding may also help liberateilmenite, anorthite, and metal grains from lithic fragments. It may alsoliberate ice crystals from lithic fragments if they are bound. However,because grinding generates heat, the system may use existing data fromdrilling and grinding tests to analyze how much grinding may occur inthe permanently shaded regions before the heat causes loss of volatiles.Grizzlies or other particle sieving may be used on the front end.

In an example, 800 kW thermal energy may be required to extract 2,450tons of water yearly to support a future commercial demand for lunarwater, in addition to the energy required to set up the vapor capturetents, periodically move the tents, and haul the mined volatiles backand forth to a chemical processor. The volatiles may be refrozen forhauling and then may be melted (phase changed a second time) at achemical processor.

The system 10 in this example skips the first vaporization step and theheating of rocky material to refreeze it again. The benefits come out inthe system 10 by eliminating hardware that transports great amounts ofenergy. Beneficiating soil by the beneficiation subsystem 18 may notrequire an order of magnitude more energy than excavating it and pouringit through a separator. Producing 2,450 tons of water yearly at 5%concentration may require processing 49,000 tons of lunar regolithyearly, which equates to about 40 watts of power. This is a 98.3%reduction of mining power in the permanently shaded region. Theenergetic chemical cleanup and electrolysis processing may take place inthe sunlight, where there is abundant energy. It is possible that 490tons of metal per year may be made available for lunar construction andmanufacturing, and possibly extracting ilmenite or anorthite asadditional benefits.

It is possible for the system 10 to fit onto a single lunar rover asexplained in further detail below with a bucket drum or low-energyscoop. The system 10 may optimize the process to sort (a) water icegrains 40, (b) free metal grains 42, and (c) an optional stream ofilmenite and/or anorthite grains 44 for oxygen and/or aluminumproduction. It may be possible to quantify the mass, energy, operationsplan, and production rate.

Another embodiment of the system for extracting water from lunar regularis shown at 50 in FIG. 2 , and includes in schematic block format alunar rover 54. A regolith intake 56 is mounted on the front section ofthe lunar rover 54 and includes a digging bucket 60 that collects lunarregolith and includes a gravel separator 62, which could be an auger anda conveyor 66 that receives the lunar regolith from the gravel separatorand separates and discharges gravel at the rear portion of the lunarrover 54. The conveyor 66 has orifices 70 that pass a mixture ofice-regolith powder having ice grains that are about 10 to about 100microns into a powder receiver 72 that is adjacent to the conveyor 66and connected to the pneumatic separator 74.

The digging bucket 60 includes the front section that includes aplurality of spaced bars 76 to keep rocks from entering the diggingbucket 60. A pivot support 78 mounts at least every other bar 76allowing the bar mounted thereon to raise upward and release jammedrocks away from the digging bucket 60. Each pivot support 78 includes asensor 80 that is configured to sense a jammed rock and transmit asignal to an associated drive mechanism to raise the bar 76 and releasethe jammed rock away from the digging bucket. The drive mechanism 81 canbe integral with the pivot support 78 or separate. In an example, theconveyor 66 at the regolith intake 56 is formed as a closed tube havingthe orifices 70 through which the ice-regolith powder passes.

In an example, the powder receiver 72 adjacent the conveyor 66 isconnected to the pneumatic separator 74 and receives the ice-regolithpowder from the conveyor. The powder receiver 72 is configured tofluidize the ice-regolith powder and move it to the pneumatic separator74. The pneumatic separator 74 receives the ice-regolith powder andpneumatically splits the ice-regolith powder into split streams ofdifferent sized lithic fragments and ice particles per the ratio ofinertial force and aerodynamic drag force of the lithic fragments andice particles. In an example, the ice-regolith powder is separated intothree split streams of different sized lithic fragments and iceparticles and in an example based upon splits of about 20 to 40 micronsand 600 to 800 microns for lithic fragments with corresponding ranges ofice particles. In yet another example, the ice-regolith powder is splitinto three split streams of different sized lithic fragments and iceparticles, with splits at about 30 and 693 microns for the lithicfragments corresponding to about 90 micron and 2.08 millimeters for theice particles.

As illustrated, each split stream includes a magnetic separator 84 andwith three split streams having three different magnetic separators. Themagnetic separators 84 separate further the magnetic lithic fragmentsfrom ice particles and discharge up to 80% of lithic fragments to slag.In an example, at least one of the magnetic separators 84 may include afirst magnetic coil configured to separate strong magnetic particlesusing a magnetic field of about 400 to 600 gauss, and a second magneticcoil configured to separate paramagnetic particles at a higher intensitymagnetic field of about 6,000 to 20,000 gauss. It is possible to usepermanent magnets, which require much lower power.

Each of the three split streams includes a magnetic separator 84 andincludes a tribocharger/electrostatic separator 88 connected to eachmagnetic separator 84 and configured to produce about 100 to 10,000times the acceleration of ice particles versus lithic fragments of thesame diameter size, allowing almost 100% of ice particle separation inthe mid-diameter range corresponding to the second stream from thepneumatic separator. The tribocharger/electrostatic separators 88 may beconfigured for concentrating water and ilmenite.

The system 50 in this example extracts ice from lunar regolith withultra-low energy and minimal infrastructure. The system 50 may operateon a single CLPS lander as a lunar rover 54 without thermal extraction,which reduces energy demand in the Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs)by greater than 99%. The beneficiating system, however, may be on astand-alone unit.

The system 50 is capable of supporting NASA's Sustainable Explorationconcept and the Artemis program, and initially the system 50 may be asmaller size, but incrementally scale-up to large size as the risks areprogressively bought down.

The pneumatic separator identified by reference numeral 22 in FIGS. 1and 74 in FIG. 2 may be formed as a cyclone separator that includes aseries of cyclones of decreasing diameter. Each sized cyclone mayseparate out all particles above a certain ballistic coefficient, whilethe finer or lighter particles may continue with the gas flow and exitthe top. This exited gas may go into the next smaller cyclone, whichseparates the next smaller/lighter particles. This may be performed witha series of as many cyclones, but the system may separate the flow intothree streams as shown with pneumatic separator in FIG. 2 or could befour or more streams. An example is a conical reverse-flow cycloneseparator that may include a double vortex inside the cyclone. Smallerparticles follow the gas out the top, which can be fed into the nextsmaller cyclone. Multiple stages may create separate particle streams.

Other techniques may be used for pneumatic size separation. It ispossible to blow particles with gas up a pipe. The coarser particles donot go as fast as they fall down a side-pipe after only a shortdistance. The next smaller sized particles go faster so they traveluphill farther and fall down the next side-pipe. The next finer particlesizes go even faster and farther uphill and fall down the nextside-pipe. Other techniques may be used. Some techniques are insensitiveto inertial motions of the rover and the cyclone method may be morerobust for that purpose.

It should also be understood that a spiral separator may be used, whichis also termed a spiral chute. Traditional sieving screens may not workas well in low gravity because the soil does not flow through the smallholes. A spiral separator, however, may separate solid components basedon a solid particle density and a particle's hydrodynamic propertiessuch as drag. Other techniques may be used.

It should be understood that the system may include a water cleanupsystem that may be partially into the permanently shadowed region andconnected to a sunlit area by using a superconducting cable that isseveral kilometers long, e.g., 2 to 10 kilometers or more.Superconductive cables have been recently analyzed for use on the Moonby Dr. Paul van Susante's research group at Michigan Tech. The benefitof using a superconducting cable is that it is possible to place thewater cleanup closer to the mining operation, and that way even more ofthe slag may be separated from the ice. In case the beneficiation onlyachieves 90% reduction of slag, then the water cleanup and finishing mayreach 100% reduction of slag. As a result, hauling the resource thefinal 2 to 10 kilometers or more may result in the lowest possible mass.

Excavation with beneficiation with the system 50 as described andcontained on one lunar rover 54 or separate stand-alone units has beenfound by modeling to be better than thermal extraction because it relieson the processing that nature already provided to the Moon's permanentlyshadowed regions. As noted above, billions of years of (micro-)meteoroid bombardment has already finely broken the crystalline solids.The ice that was deposited hundreds of millions to billions of years agoin the lunar regolith is frozen as hard as granite, and is yet anothermineral and therefore, it has also been broken into fine grains similarto other rocks and minerals in the soil. The grains are about 10-100microns in size based on M3 Near Infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra,indicating ˜70 μm ice grains on the surface vapor deposition, and basedon NIR (Near Infrared) spectral band width and position of LCROSSejecta, indicating the ice from depth were crystallized particles toabout 8 μm mean size. The system 50 sorts the different crystallinephases from each other without phase change. For that reason, the system50 may transport the volatiles out of the permanently shadowed regionsto process in the sunlight where energy is available, avoiding most ofthe infrastructure and cost associated with other proposals. The system50 advantageously may use a pneumatic separator 74, magnetic separators84, and tribocharger/electrostatic separators 88, all of which operatewith low power and low equipment mass in a permanently shadowed region.

Referring now to FIG. 3 , there is illustrated another flow sequence foran example system illustrated generally at 100, which includes aresource intake system 104 having a digging section 108 followed by rockrejection 112 and gravel separation 116 and light grinding 120. Thebeneficiation subsystem 124 includes pneumatic separation 128 followedby magnetic separation 132 in which the slag is separated. This is thenfollowed by an electrostatic separation 136 as an exampletribocharger/electrostatic separation in which further slag is expelled.The ice 140 is then taken out and hauled out of the permanently shadowedregion 144 of the Moon. Water clean-up 148 occurs followed byelectrolysis 152 and then liquefaction and storage 156 and then use asthe propellant 160.

The process 100 shown by FIG. 3 may include a robot for digging 108 thatscoops the lunar regolith with rock-rejection 112 and gravel separation116 to pass only fines. A grinder 120 fractures the weaker particles,liberating ice fragments from mineral and lithic fragments. Thisresource intake system 104 transfers the lunar regolith into the batchprocessing beneficiation system 124, with pneumatic separation 128,magnetic separation 132, and tribocharger/electrostatic separation 136.The system 100 outputs separated streams of ice grains and slag soilparticles. The beneficiation 124 allows the system 100 to simultaneouslyseparate free metal particles and specific mineral grains of highresource value. The soil is 95-98% weight non-ice (“slag”), which isdropped adjacent to the mining zone while the desired 2-5% weight of iceis transported to sunlight, made feasible by the extreme mass reduction.

With this system 100, it is possible to ensure that a pilot plant mayfit onto a single CLPS lander as a lunar rover 54 as shown in FIG. 2 ,and validate that the resource intake system 104 and beneficiationsystems 124 are architecturally consistent. The lunar rover 54 rechargesor swaps out its batteries or fuel cells and may return to mining in thepermanently shadowed region. There are locations in the Moon's poleswhere driving distances from sunlight to the ice resource are a fewkilometers on gentle slopes. Ice concentrations in these “Type 2”locations are expected to have a shallow dry overburden of about 30-50cm that should be removed.

Variations on this system 100 may be added to extend its reach into thedeeper permanently shadowed regions where ice has higher concentrationsand less overburden. For example, additional fuel cells may increasedriving distance of the lunar rover 54, or with solar energy towers, themining and processing could be done entirely inside a permanentlyshadowed region with no driving back to sunlight. Using beneficiation124 instead of thermal extraction reduces the energy, theinfrastructure, and the cost, making it commercially viable andsupporting sustainable exploration. It is possible as noted above that800 kW of thermal energy may be needed to extract 2,450 tons of wateryearly to support the future commercial demand for lunar water.Producing 2,450 tons of water yearly at 5% concentration requiresprocessing 49,000 tons of lunar regolith yearly or 1.55 kg/s. It isconsidered that sunlight has a duty cycle of 70% in a polar location,and to obtain 2% yield, it may be processed at 5.55 kg/s to make up thedifference. A large-scale beneficiation system 124 may process 3 kg/s,which is about ten times a pilot plant goal. With a mining/hauling dutycycle of about 50%, the operation may require four separate systems 100.With each system 100 operating at 5 kW, this is a 97.5% power reductionversus thermal extraction. With subsequent processing taking place inthe sunlight, there is potentially a greater than 99% reduction of totalenergy and infrastructure in the permanently shadowed region.

The system 100 may enable rapid startup of propellant mining to beoperational in the earliest years, for example, of the Artemis surfaceoperations. The system 100 may integrate into Artemis' sequence ofmissions that start with the near-term development of enablinginfrastructure. A pilot plant for the system may fly within 7 years on asingle commercial lander the size of a Blue Moon lander, thus laying thefoundation for a sustained human and robotic presence.

Referring now to FIG. 4 , a table 200 illustrates hypotheticalice-regolith relationships and in an illustration from the MarshallSpace Flight Center and produced by Dr. Doug Rickman, and showingseveral possible relationships between the ice and lithic phases andevaluated with reference to the system 100 of FIG. 3 . The ice is likelygranular and crystalline as also shown by supporting and non-supportingcases in the table of FIG. 4 . Reworking with vapor deposition may havecreated cementation, as shown by the bridging and filling. Tests havebeen conducted for mining and cone penetrometry in icy lunar regolithwith Non-Filling, Filling, and “Raisins . . . ” cases. It was found thatmining in the latter two cases was slow and those types of deposits maynot be a candidate for an excavation-based technology. Most importantly,those types of deposits are unlikely to exist near the surface due tometeoroid gardening. Prospecting may identify better candidate deposits.

The system 100 may incorporate ice-simulant mixtures representing thebridging, non-filling, supporting, and non-supporting cases as shown inthe table of FIG. 4 . At cryogenic temperatures, filling and “raisins”cases are as hard as granite and not excavatable. The bridging case maywork for lower water concentrations, as long as the ‘neck’ between thetwo grains is weak. This can be quantified by analyzing themicrostructure for correlation to the strength tests. The Non-Bridgingcase is not sufficiently different than Non-Filling to requireadditional tests, and the mechanical behavior of “Nodules, FractureFills, and Lenses” will be bounded by the other cases.

Liquid nitrogen chilled regolith grains may be sprinkled into liquidwater near its freezing point then extracted to create ice-coated grainsfor several of these cases. Misting water onto regolith as it is filledlayer-by-layer with liquid nitrogen chilling and/or freezing slightlywetted regolith may create Bridging. Filling and Raisins cases may bemade by mixing regolith with liquid water prior to freezing. It ispossible to develop these cases in a regolith box with liquid nitrogenchilling. The simulant used in these mixtures may be based onhigh-fidelity simulants. for testing purposes.

The geotechnical properties of each case may be fully characterized,including use of existing compression test capabilities during testing.Other geotechnical and field test methods, such as shear vane,penetrometry, and similar techniques, may calibrate each method for thedifferent cases. It is possible to develop Icy Lunar Polar RegolithSimulants that display the same mechanical behaviors as these simulantsbut without the ice, enabling their use outdoors and without freezers.This can be accomplished with additives such as ground-up plastic, whichis commercially available and has a specific gravity close to ice andlow-concentration cementing agents.

The system 100 includes the excavation subsystem 104. Excavatingtechnology is relatively mature. It is possible to quantify diggingforces for the ice-regolith mixtures, while focusing on the“excavatable” cases. These are likely Bridging, Non Filling, Supporting,and Non-Supporting (FIG. 4 ). The system may be constructed as a rigthat has actuators and load cells to push digging implements usingtoothed, straight-edged, and other geometries. The digging actuators maymount on a lunar rover with a target performance capability atpilot-plant scale of double the force needed to cut the regolith in eachof these excavatable cases, i.e., safety factor of 2, and to excavateand deposit into a hopper at a rate of 30 kg in 100 seconds.

The system 100 may perform rock rejection in terrestrial excavators, forexample, accomplished with “grizzlies” to let soil through while keepingrocks out. Rocks may become permanently jammed in the grid over time,impeding soil flow. The system 50 shown in FIG. 2 includes the pivotablebars as a solution. Astronauts alternatively may visit them to pry therocks out, but the system 100 may robotically unjam rocks by increasingspacing of the grid to liberate rocks, then decreasing the spacing forthe next digging cycle such as with a moveable or pivotable barassembly. There are several mechanisms that may be incorporated. Forexample, the system 100 may mount half the bars on an axle to swing awayor by other pivot joint as explained relative to FIG. 2 , which mayincrease effectiveness, simplicity, reliability, and ability to boot themechanical joints to prevent dust intrusion. The target performance goalis for 0%+/−0% of rocks to jam after 1 ton of rocks has been rejected.

The system 100 incorporates gravel separation to prevent smaller rocksfrom proceeding into the beneficiation system 124. By monitoring thegrizzly small enough to reject gravel, this may be unnecessary, but inlunar gravity, the soil may not pass through the smaller gaps due tocohesion. Some testing of gravity flights have shown non-flow of lunarfines through cylindrical openings as wide as 5 cm. The gravelseparation section of the system 100 may use a mechanical “wiper” oragitation or auger to move soil through the openings while pushinggravel to a rejection port. This is often done in terrestrial industrywith an auger, but augers are subject to jamming. Augers may jam withregolith. The system 100 may include a jam-proof gravel separator byhaving a low-gear mode with sufficient mechanical strength to crushjammed gravel and a release hatch as backup to dump an entire jammedload. A performance goal is 0+/−0 jams after 1 ton of gravel has beenseparated.

For beneficiation to extract ice from the Bridging, Non-Bridging, andNon-Filling case as shown in the examples of FIG. 4 , a light grindingstage may liberate ice fragments from the lithic fragments. Fracture maygenerally occur along dissimilar material boundaries, so grinding may beeffective, and this is a reason why it is commonly used in terrestrialmining. A challenge is grinding generates heat. At permanently shadowedregions, the temperatures in vacuum pose no risk of the particlesbecoming wet and sticky from melted ice. However, the heat may causeloss of the resource to sublimation. The grinding, rolling and impacthammering may maximize liberation of ice fragments without raising theirtemperature significantly.

A one micron particle may sublime away in about 12 hours at 200 K, andpermanently shadowed region ice deposits are generally below 100 K. Anice-metal interface fractures with 2 J/m², so reasonably assuming equalenergy is partitioned into heating the ice phase during fracture, usingthe heat capacity of water ice at 100 K, a one micron particle of icemay be raised from 100 K to 103.4 K by breaking it off the lithicparticle. It is possible to test on ice-coated particles and examinethem in a microscope pre- and post-grinding to quantify effectiveness inliberating the ice phase from lithic phases. The simulant may bepre-chilled to 77 K and it is possible to measure the simulant'stemperature post-grinding, with a performance goal of raisingtemperature no more than 10 K, which results in a safety factor of 10.The target throughput is 0.3 kg/s, which may require parallelization ofgrinders.

The resource intake system 104 may include digging, rock rejection,gravel separation, and grinding and may be integrated onto a lunar rover54. The resource intake system 104 may deposit the regolith into ahopper that periodically closes to begin beneficiation. After theregolith has been moved into the beneficiation system 124, the hoppermay open so mining can continue while the beneficiation system processesthe first batch. An integrated prototype in a soil bin on a lunar roverin a rockyard may produce 30 kg in 100 s with 0+/−0 jams.

It should be understood that beneficiation is routinely used interrestrial mining as an intermediate step between extraction andchemical processing, and thus, it may be used in the system 100 toconcentrate lunar minerals and applied to ice.

As noted above, the system 100 may separate particles per the ratio ofinertial force and aerodynamic drag force, which scales as density timesparticle diameter, ρd. Since ρ_(Rock)≈3ρ_(ICE), pneumatic separation mayseparate lithic (rock) particles of d into the same bin as ice particlesof 3d, and thus have 9 times larger inertia. The system 100 mayincorporate a pneumatic separator that splits the lithic (non-ice)particles of the lunar soil into three sizes, with splits at certainranges, such as splits of about 20-40 microns and 600 to 800 microns forlithic fragments in an example, and in a more detailed example, 30microns and 693 microns for the lithic fragments. This will place thesplits for the ice particles at 90 microns and 2.08 millimeters. Otherranges may be used and vary, such as 25-35 microns and 650-750 micronsfor lithic fragments, and variations of about 5% or 10% from thesevalues.

The system 100 may incorporate three pneumatically-separated materialstreams such as those illustrated in the system 50 of FIG. 2 , and eachstream will pass through a magnetic separator 84 (FIG. 2 ) (132 in FIG.3 ) to remove magnetic particles. As noted above, magnetic separationfor lunar soil may be challenging because paramagnetic susceptibility ofminerals may be dominated by the superparamagnetic response of nanophaseiron (NpFe) contained in the glass coating of the finest particles.Therefore, magnets tend to pull just the fine particles out regardlessof their composition. However, lunar ice is sufficiently different thanregolith particles to enable ice separation from both dust and most ofthe larger mineral and lithic particles on their magnetic properties.Furthermore, the less than 30 μm fines may have been separatedpneumatically, and thus, the magnetic field in that one stream may bereduced as necessary. In highly mature lunar soil, some minerals havelost much of their pristine magnetic character by incorporation intoglass agglutinate particles, and may be difficult to beneficiate fromice by magnetism alone. However, the system 100 may incorporate magneticseparation that may reduce the material stream prior to electrostaticseparation, thus enabling the next stage to keep up with the flow rateand obtain higher yield.

It is possible to quantify realistic magnetic susceptibilities for lunarsoil at a range of temperatures where beneficiation may occur in groundtests and on the lunar surface in a permanently shaded region, allowingthe system 100 to refine operating parameters of the magnetic separation132. According to the Curie-Weiss law, paramagnetic susceptibility isinversely related to temperature minus the Curie Constant, which isabout 11 K for olivine. Comparing olivine's susceptibility in a T=40 Kpermanently shaded region versus at 293K, susceptibility is 6 timesstronger in the permanently shaded region, making magnetic separation amore efficient process in that region. It is possible to measure theparamagnetic response of the primary and some trace minerals found inlunar soil from 533 K, which corresponds to lunar equatorial daytimetemperatures to 77.36 K, which corresponds to the boiling point ofliquid nitrogen, enabling a curve fit to the Curie-Weiss law toextrapolate to temperatures in permanently shaded regions.

It is possible to validate a mixing model by measuring simulants ofknown fractions of these minerals. Based on temperature dependence, itis possible to calculate the role of npFe relative to mineralparamagnetism in the temperature-dependence, because paramagentismfollows a somewhat different trend than superparamagnetism.

A magnetic separator 132 may be tested such as in a brassboardarrangement and may include a magnetic drum roller for each of the threematerial streams so that the non-magnetic ice particles with higherinertia fly off sooner than the magnetic lithic and glass particles withless inertia. Non-magnetic lithic and glass particles may be separatednext in the electrostatic state such as using the tribochargedelectrostatic separation 136.

As noted above, tribocharging is a surface phenomenon, but magnetizationis a bulk phenomenon, and for this reason, the magnetic throughputscales better for high processing rate on a small rover. The magneticseparation 132 is preferably used first, discarding up to 80% of thelithic material to slag, and the electrostatic separation 136 is used toachieve more complete separation. Electrostatic beneficiation 136 shouldbe effective at concentrating ilmenite for oxygen production from amongthe other silicate minerals producing 50-60% concentration of ilmenitein one pass and 90% in two passes. This technique may work by runningmixed-mineralogy lunar regolith through a baffle to rub the soil grainsacross selected materials, causing the various minerals to tribochargebased on their surface chemistry.

Ice is known to tribocharge and the properties of ice and silicategrains are different such that that electrostatic separation may behighly efficient. Comparing tribocharging against aluminum for silicatesversus ice of the same particle diameter, the ice will experience from100 to 10,000 times the acceleration in an electric field as thesilicates. The size splits as three separate streams induced by thepneumatic separator 128 may be chosen with respect to these values toensure 100% separation of ice in the middle size range, which containsabout 62% weight of the lunar soil and extensive separation in the othertwo size ranges. Practical beneficiation may not achieve completeseparation, but these calculations indicate significant concentration ofice is possible with an ideal of nearly complete separation. A higherfidelity prototype in future work may pneumatically split the soil intomore than three streams and include multiple passes to achieve higherseparation.

It is possible to individually tribocharge the main constituent mineralsand glass of lunar soil plus water ice crystals, frozen to liquidnitrogen temperature by pouring down baffles of aluminum, Teflon, andsimilar materials. The grains may fall into an electrometer to measurethe resulting charge. The apparatus may be chilled with liquid nitrogenand the test performed in a large freezer. Charge dissipation fromgranular materials into the atmosphere is very slow, enabling stablemeasurements without vacuum. A flight system typically will not be invacuum since it will use pneumatics in a batch processing mode. This mayvalidate a tribocharging design and enable the system to select thematerial to use in a baffle.

The electrostatic separator 136 may include a baffle of the selectedmaterial to tribocharge the particles followed by the particles fallingpast high voltage plates to alter their trajectories. The electrostaticsubsystem 136 may be integrated into the beneficiation system. Thesystem may remove 80% of the remaining lithic and glass particles fromthe ice in this three-stream system. The system may identify designparameters that obtain 95% separation in a future high fidelityprototype using a larger number of pneumatically separated streams anddemonstrate the physics and scaling functions to ensure that result.

The beneficiation system 124 may include the pneumatic 128, magnetic132, and tribocharger/electrostatic 136 subsystems. Initial testing ofthe beneficiation system 124 may use ground plastic in lieu of ice, butfinal testing may use crystalline water ice particles mixed in highfidelity lunar simulant in a large freezer facility. Low gravity testingmay be left for future research. A flight system may store a final,beneficiated resource in a hopper that is passively re-chilled byradiators in a cold environment prior to hauling out to the sunlight forfurther processing.

A lunar rover may generate higher forces for digging and have moreexposure to dust. The lunar rovers may travel back and forth across thesame paths hundreds of times, which loosens lunar soil and increases therisk of getting stuck. They should operate long-term with minimalmaintenance for commercial viability.

Mobility is a key component of water extraction technology to generateforces for digging and hauling. It has been shown via experimentationand the empirical data obtained from experiments that no design featuresuch as wheel diameter, motor torque, gear ratio, or tread design haveany correlation to drivability in lunar regolith. Instead, it takes acombination of seven or more parameters to see any correlation todrivability, and still the correlation is not strong. There is a highReynolds shear dilatancy of lunar soil produced through a whole-vehicleinteraction of ground pressure, vehicle center of mass, and wheelslippage. There is a cascade of events that produces ‘slipdiagonalization’ in which diagonally opposite wheels lose traction. Thishappens to about 30% of the lunar robots within just 10 minutes andusually faster times. The system 100 may incorporate ‘initiating event’sensors and response software on a lunar rover used for mining to avoidgetting stuck. The system 100 may incorporate a vision system withmachine learning trained for rock detection to steer around obstacles.The system 100 may switch to slow-speed, high-torque driving mode whenthe system detects that the lunar rover was tilted, such as from onewheel driving over a crater.

This demonstrates an advance in driving performance and reliability byreducing risk of an “event,” but it does not de-escalate an event as itoccurs. To de-escalate and make a reliable mining platform, an advanced“Refuse-to-Get-Stuck” enhancement may detect unexpected translationaland rotational accelerations, quickly detect wheel slip, and useall-wheel independent rotation control with suspension for groundpressure to minimize additional shearing under each wheel while pullingaway from a patch of soil where shearing has already occurred. It ispossible to measure the slip/dilation/traction relationship in asimulant box for a single wheel, and implement an event detection andwheel control architecture onto a roving platform for testing, thusenabling machine learning for coordinated wheel control.

It is possible to test the system 100 using added rocks and gravel,including a minor fraction of free metal particles which are found inmany lunar soils and plastic particles to simulate granular ice.Higher-fidelity simulant may be supplied in a special sandbox with tightanti-weather seals for portions of any testing. This type of test may bea lower fidelity than either an Arctic/Antarctic analog site or anextremely large, climate-controlled, indoor regolith chamber, but it isthe correct next step for testing.

Some testing may focus on reliable mobility, traction for excavation,open pit mining strategies, removal of resource-depleted overburden andramp construction to enter and enter the mining pit, and performance ofthe resource intake system, including excavation, rock rejection, gravelseparation, light grinding, and managing center of mass. For mobility,it is possible to study traction, challenges with skid-steering, whereexplicit and Ackerman steering are correlated with not getting stuck,and avoidance of getting stuck and initiating events. It is alsopossible to test with a three second time delay to identify challengeswith joystick operation from Earth, which may be a step to guiding moreadvanced automated control software. Midway through the field tests, thebeneficiation system 124 may be delivered and integrated onto a lunarrover. It is possible to demonstrate integration of the resource intakesystem 104 and beneficiation system 124 plus the beneficiation processon a dynamic platform, which permits accelerating, tilting on slopes,driving across craters, and vibrating. A demonstration of integratedoperation with these features will be important to develop furtherfunding for the project, thus enabling it to bring it to commercialviability.

A pilot plant may include water purification, electrolysis,liquefaction, and long-term storage of cryogenic propellants, such asliquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and associated functions such asprocess monitoring/control and energy storage/distribution. It mayinclude an initial study of accommodating an entire pilot plant onto oneof the larger consumer lunar payload service. Data for the resourceintake system and beneficiator systems, deployment from the lander tothe surface, and power requirements may be acquired and designmodifications made. Testing may improve estimates of a pilot plant'smass, extraction efficiency and rate, load per mining cycle, energy, andmass of onboard energy systems. This model may be used to perform aparameter sensitivity study for the overall system.

During complete testing, it may be found that the beneficiation system124 may fail to concentrate the ice adequately. Other combinations andsettings may be adjusted and it is possible to implement a multi-stagesystem. It is possible to consider a stand-alone beneficiating unit inthe permanently shaded region with the lunar rover bringing fuel cellsor other techniques to transport the modest energy. During testing, itis possible to produce discrete measurements of lunar soil propertiesand tests. A spreadsheet-based mining operation architectural model maybe presented. Discrete measurements may be in a spreadsheet in ASCII,about 100 kB. Data logged measurements may be in delimited ASCII files,up to about 100 MB. Video may be in a standard format fromcommercial-off-the-shelf cameras, on DVDs, up to about 200 GB fortesting results.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come tothe mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachingspresented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings.Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to belimited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that themodifications and embodiments are intended to be included within thescope of the dependent claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for extracting water fromregolith, comprising: a regolith intake configured to collect regolithand separate and discharge gravel and pass a mixture of ice-regolithpowder; and a pneumatic separator configured to receive the ice-regolithpowder and pneumatically split the ice-regolith powder into splitstreams of different sized lithic fragments and ice particles per theratio of inertial force and aerodynamic drag force of the lithicfragments and ice particles.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thepneumatic separator comprises a pneumatic ballistic separator having aplurality of paddles, wherein adjacent paddles are out-of-phase to eachother.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic separatorcomprises a cyclone separator.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein thesplit streams of different sized lithic fragments and ice particles arebased upon splits of 20-40 microns and 600-800 microns for lithicfragments.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic separatorsplits the ice-regolith power into split streams of lower, mid and upperdiameter sized lithic fragments and ice particles.
 6. The system ofclaim 1, wherein each split stream includes at least one of a magneticseparator and tribocharger/electrostatic separator.
 7. The system ofclaim 6, wherein each split stream includes a magnetic separator andtribocharger/electrostatic separator connected thereto.
 8. The system ofclaim 6, wherein each tribocharger/electrostatic separator is configuredto produce 100 to 10,000 times the acceleration of ice particles versuslithic fragments of the same diameter size.
 9. The system of claim 1,further comprising a rover body, wherein said regolith intake andpneumatic separator are carried by said rover body.
 10. The system ofclaim 1, wherein said regolith intake includes a gravel separator andconveyor, said conveyor having orifices that pass a mixture ofice-regolith powder having ice grains that are 10-100 microns.
 11. Asystem for extracting water from regolith, comprising: a regolith intakeconfigured to collect regolith and separate and discharge gravel andpass a mixture of ice-regolith powder; a pneumatic separator configuredto receive the ice-regolith powder and pneumatically split theice-regolith powder into split streams of different sized lithicfragments and ice particles per the ratio of inertial force andaerodynamic drag force of the lithic fragments and ice particles; andeach of the split streams having a tribocharger/electrostatic separatorconfigured to multiply the acceleration of ice particles versus lithicfragments to aid in ice particles separation.
 12. The system of claim11, wherein the pneumatic separator comprises a pneumatic ballisticseparator having a plurality of paddles, wherein adjacent paddles areout-of-phase to each other.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein thepneumatic separator comprises a cyclone separator.
 14. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the split streams of different sized lithic fragmentsand ice particles are based upon splits of 20-40 microns and 600-800microns for lithic fragments.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein thepneumatic separator splits the ice-regolith power into split streams oflower, mid and upper diameter sized lithic fragments and ice particles.16. The system of claim 11, wherein each tribocharger/electrostaticseparator is configured to produce 100 to 10,000 times the accelerationof ice particles versus lithic fragments of the same diameter size. 17.The system of claim 11, wherein each tribocharger/electrostaticseparator comprises one or more of a tribocyclone device, a fluidizedbed device, a static charger device, a rotating tube device and apropeller device.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein each split streamincludes at least one magnetic separator connected between the pneumaticseparator and each tribocharger/electrostatic separator.
 19. The systemof claim 11, further comprising a rover body, wherein said regolithintake, pneumatic separator, and each tribocharger/electrostaticseparator are carried by said rover body.
 20. The system of claim 11,wherein said regolith intake includes a gravel separator and conveyor,said conveyor having orifices that pass a mixture of ice-regolith powderhaving ice grains that are 10-100 microns.